The world in
What happened in 1825?
11 events across 5 world regions, each with its sources.
Europe
Unification of ItalyThe unification of Italy, also known as the Risorgimento, was the 19th-century political and social movement that consolidated various states of the Italian peninsula into the single Kingdom of Italy. On 17 March 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in Turin, and the process completed in 1871 with Rome as the capital, following its capture in 1870.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Sebastiano De Albertis / Public domain ↗
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Caucasian WarThe Caucasian War was a 19th-century conflict of conquest by the Russian Empire against various peoples of the North Caucasus, lasting from 1817 to 1864. Imam Shamil led fierce resistance, repeatedly repelling Russian attacks, until the fall of Gunib and his capture in 1859. The war ended with the final subjugation of the Circassians and the annexation of the region in 1864.
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Outbreak of the Russo-Circassian WarIn 1763, the Russian Empire invaded Circassia and occupied Mozdok, prompting the Circassian people to organize a resistance movement to preserve their independence, marking the beginning of the Russo-Circassian War. This conflict became the longest war in the history of the Caucasus and of Russia, ending in 1864 with the defeat of Circassian forces.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Heinrich Ambros Eckert / Public domain ↗
Palais Brongniart (Paris Stock Exchange) laidThe Palais Brongniart was laid in the early 19th century at the instigation of Napoleon I to house the Paris Stock Exchange. Situated on the Place de la Bourse in central Paris, it was designed by architect Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart. This neoclassical edifice later became a financial landmark and was listed as a historic monument in 1987.
Decembrist revoltThe Decembrist revolt was a failed coup d'état in the Russian Empire in December 1825, led by liberal officers with about 3,000 soldiers in Senate Square, seeking a constitution, but was suppressed.
Montmartre Cemetery opens as Paris's third largest cemeteryMontmartre Cemetery was established as a public necropolis around the early 19th century, then known as the Cemetery of the North, on an 11-hectare site outside Paris in the 18th arrondissement. It ranks as the third largest cemetery in Paris, alongside Père Lachaise and Montparnasse. A distinctive feature is that the Caulaincourt road bridge passes directly over it.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Elisabetta Cipolla, Tantalas / Public domain ↗
Central & South America
Cisplatine WarFrom 1825 to 1828, armed conflict was fought between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil over control of Cisplatina (modern-day Uruguay), which Brazil had previously annexed. The war resulted in the independence of Uruguay.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: See each file for details / Public domain ↗
- Signing of the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)
On August 29, 1825, the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro was signed between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Empire of Brazil, under British mediation. Portugal formally recognized Brazil's independence, ending the Brazilian War of Independence.
SourcesWikipedia ↗
South Asia
First Anglo-Burmese WarThe First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) was the first of three conflicts between the British Empire and the Burmese Konbaung dynasty. It began over control of northeastern India, with Burma initiating hostilities, and ended in a decisive British victory. Britain gained Assam, Manipur, Cachar, Jaintia, Arakan, and Tenasserim; Burma paid an indemnity of one million pounds sterling and signed a commercial treaty.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: J.Moore (fl. 1825) (see British Museum page on the artist and this list of his works which includes the detail that it w / Public domain ↗
North America
Spanish American wars of independenceA series of armed conflicts in the early 19th century across Spanish American colonies, aiming to end Spanish rule and achieve political independence. The conflicts were fought primarily between Royalists, who supported a unitary Spanish monarchy, and Patriots, who sought autonomy or independence. This ultimately led to the separation and independence of most of Spanish America, occurring roughly between 1808 and 1833, and closely linked to the Napoleonic Wars and the Peninsular War in Spain.
Oceania
Musket WarsThe Musket Wars were a series of large-scale armed conflicts among Māori tribes in early 19th-century New Zealand, involving up to 3,000 battles and raids from around 1807 to 1842. Sparked by an intertribal arms race following the acquisition of muskets, the wars sought territorial gain or revenge, causing tens of thousands of casualties and enslavements, profoundly altering tribal boundaries, and influencing later New Zealand Wars.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Merrett, Joseph Jenner, 1816-1854. / Public domain ↗
Around 1825
These are known only to the century, not to the year. They are listed separately so a rough date is never mistaken for an exact one.
- Outbreak of the Black War
- Emergence of the Enlightenment
- Museum Island construction begins
- Completion of Dom Pedro V Theatre
- Establishment of Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Industrial Heritage
- Construction of Hôtel Solvay begins
- Founding of Kulangsu as an International Settlement
- Construction of the Four Hydraulic Boat Lifts on the Canal du Centre begins