The world in
What happened in 1935?
20 events across 9 world regions, each with its sources.
Europe
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The HolocaustDuring World War II, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically perpetrated genocide against the Jewish people, resulting in the murder of approximately two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.
Signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSROn December 30, 1922, the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR was signed at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, officially establishing the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Plenipotentiary delegates from the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, and Byelorussian Soviet republics signed the treaty, along with a declaration serving as its preamble. The treaty legally formalized the political union of the Soviet republics that had existed since 1919, creating a new federal government with centralized functions in Moscow. Legislative power was vested in the Congress of Soviets and the Central Executive Committee, while executive power lay with the Council of People's Commissars.
Signing of the Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression PactIn 1932, Poland and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact in Moscow, aiming to maintain peaceful relations. The pact was unilaterally broken by the Soviet Union on September 17, 1939, with the invasion of Poland.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Agence de presse Mondial Photo-Presse. Agence photographique / Public domain ↗
- Nazi Plunder Campaign Begins
In 1933, Nazi Germany began the systematic looting of art and valuables, initially targeting German Jews before expanding into occupied territories. Carried out as part of the Holocaust and under the pretext of 'art protection' by special units, the campaign resulted in the theft of countless paintings, books, religious treasures, and other cultural items.
SourcesWikipedia ↗
The Ghosts sculptural group inaugurated at Oulchy-le-ChâteauThe monumental sculptural group The Ghosts, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski, was inaugurated on the Chalmont plain in Oulchy-le-Château. It forms the core of the national monument to the Second Battle of the Marne, commemorating the decisive moment of the 1918 battle at this site.
SourcesWikipedia (FR) ↗Image: Mazzella-Bour / CC BY-SA 4.0 ↗
Signing of the Anglo-German Naval AgreementOn 18 June 1935, the United Kingdom and Germany signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement in London, limiting the size of the German navy. The agreement stipulated that the Kriegsmarine's total tonnage would not exceed 35% of the Royal Navy, marking an interwar arms limitation arrangement between the two nations.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: official juridical document / Public domain ↗
- Signing of the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
In 1935, France and the Soviet Union signed the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance in Paris, aiming to contain Nazi Germany's expansionist threat through bilateral cooperation. The treaty was pursued by Soviet Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, while his French counterpart Louis Barthou was assassinated before negotiations concluded.
SourcesWikipedia ↗
Sub-Saharan Africa
Second Italo-Ethiopian War beginsOn 3 October 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia, starting the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The war lasted about seven months and ended with the occupation of Ethiopia and its incorporation into Italian East Africa. Italy used a 1934 border clash between Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia as a pretext and rejected all Ethiopian peace overtures.
Founding of Odzala-Kokoua National ParkThe Republic of the Congo first protected the Odzala-Kokoua area in 1935, marking the park’s initial establishment. Situated in the northwest, spanning Cuvette-Ouest and Sangha departments, the park covers approximately 1,260 km² and is known for its primate diversity.
SourcesUNESCO World Heritage listing ↗Wikipedia ↗Image: Leighcn / CC BY-SA 4.0 ↗
East Asia
Kobe Mosque completedJapan's first mosque was completed in Kobe. Designed by Czech architect Jan Josef Švagr in a traditional Turkish style, its construction was funded by donations collected by the Islamic Committee from 1928.
Establishment of Sikhote-Alin Nature ReserveSikhote-Alin Nature Reserve was established in the 1930s to protect the endangered Siberian tiger and its habitat. Located in Primorsky Krai, Russian Far East, it covers the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin mountains and adjacent coastal waters, and was later recognized as a biosphere reserve.
North America
Implementation of the New DealBetween 1933 and 1938, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented a series of economic, social, and political reforms in response to the Great Depression, centered on relief, recovery, and reform. The policies aimed to stabilize the economy through massive government intervention, assist the poorest, and reform financial markets.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: LordHarris at English Wikipedia / Public domain ↗
- Signing of the Roerich Pact
On April 15, 1935, the Roerich Pact, an international treaty for the protection of artistic and scientific institutions and historic monuments during armed conflict, was opened for signature in Washington, D.C. Initiated by Russian painter Nicholas Roerich, its core principle is that cultural heritage protection takes precedence over military necessity. Proposed by the Pan American Union, it was later signed and ratified by several American states and remains in force.
SourcesWikipedia ↗
Oceania
Establishment of Rapa Nui National ParkOn 16 January 1935, Rapa Nui National Park was established on Easter Island, Chile, covering an area of 71 km² and under the jurisdiction of the Valparaíso Region.
SourcesUNESCO World Heritage listing ↗Wikipedia ↗Image: ProfessorX / CC BY-SA 3.0 ↗
Establishment of New England National ParkIn May 1935, New England National Park was established in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia. Located on the Northern Tablelands, the park covers about 67,303 hectares and lies approximately 560 kilometres north of Sydney. It later became part of the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Gondwana Rainforests.
West Asia
Republican Stadium (Dinamo Stadium) opens in YerevanIn 1935, Dinamo Stadium officially opened in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. Built between 1933 and 1935, it initially served as a multi-use venue and later became primarily a football ground and the home stadium of the Armenia national football team.
Reconstruction of the Tomb of HafezIn 1935, the Tomb of Hafez in the Musalla Gardens of Shiraz, Iran, was rebuilt following a design by French architect and archaeologist André Godard. The tomb commemorates the 14th-century Persian poet Hafez. It replaced an earlier structure built on the site in 1773. The new building has become a notable tourist attraction in Shiraz.
Central & South America
Chaco WarBetween 1932 and 1935, Bolivia and Paraguay fought a war over control of the northern Gran Chaco region, thought to be rich in petroleum. The conflict took place in a semi-arid area, earning it the name 'War of the Thirst'. It was the bloodiest South American conflict of the 20th century, causing heavy casualties on both sides.
Central Asian steppe
Soviet–Japanese Border Conflicts Break OutIn 1932, a series of border clashes erupted in Northeast Asia between the Soviet Union, Mongolia, and the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. These undeclared hostilities, ranging from minor skirmishes to major battles, persisted through the 1930s and culminated in the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol, shaping the pre-WWII strategic landscape in the Far East.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Mainichi Shinbun Sha / Public domain ↗
North Africa
Outbreak of the French conquest of MoroccoIn 1907, France began its conquest of the Sultanate of Morocco by occupying Oujda on 29 March. Subsequent military campaigns led to the Treaty of Fes in 1912, establishing the French protectorate, while pacification operations continued until 1934.
Around 1935
These are known only to the century, not to the year. They are listed separately so a rough date is never mistaken for an exact one.
- Completion of the Taipei Grand Mosque
- Establishment of Women's Suffrage Worldwide
- Establishment of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
- Construction of Grimeton Longwave Radio Station
- Construction of the Trans-Iranian Railway begins
- Construction of the 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Begins
- Construction of the Historic Monuments of Dengfeng in 'The Centre of Heaven and Earth'
- Establishment of the Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains