The world in
What happened in 1828?
13 events across 5 world regions, each with its sources.
Europe
Unification of ItalyThe unification of Italy, also known as the Risorgimento, was the 19th-century political and social movement that consolidated various states of the Italian peninsula into the single Kingdom of Italy. On 17 March 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in Turin, and the process completed in 1871 with Rome as the capital, following its capture in 1870.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Sebastiano De Albertis / Public domain ↗
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Caucasian WarThe Caucasian War was a 19th-century conflict of conquest by the Russian Empire against various peoples of the North Caucasus, lasting from 1817 to 1864. Imam Shamil led fierce resistance, repeatedly repelling Russian attacks, until the fall of Gunib and his capture in 1859. The war ended with the final subjugation of the Circassians and the annexation of the region in 1864.
Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 BeginsThe Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian ships and revoked the Akkerman Convention, in retaliation for Russia's role in the Battle of Navarino. Russia then declared war, amidst the Greek War of Independence.
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Outbreak of the Russo-Circassian WarIn 1763, the Russian Empire invaded Circassia and occupied Mozdok, prompting the Circassian people to organize a resistance movement to preserve their independence, marking the beginning of the Russo-Circassian War. This conflict became the longest war in the history of the Caucasus and of Russia, ending in 1864 with the defeat of Circassian forces.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Heinrich Ambros Eckert / Public domain ↗
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Marble Arch FoundedMarble Arch was founded in 1828 in London, initially designed by John Nash in 1827 as the state entrance to the cour d'honneur of Buckingham Palace. Constructed from white Carrara marble, this triumphal arch was later relocated to the west end of Oxford Street near Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park, becoming a landmark of London.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Wei-Te Wong from Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China / CC BY-SA 2.0 ↗
Foundation of Trinity CathedralIn 1828, construction began on Trinity Cathedral in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Originally the regimental church of the Izmaylovsky Guards, it is a late example of the Empire style, designed by architect Vasily Stasov and located south of the Admiralty.
Laying of the Wellington ArchThe Wellington Arch was begun in the late 1820s, commissioned by King George IV to commemorate British victories in the Napoleonic Wars. Designed by architect Decimus Burton, the arch was originally erected at Hyde Park Corner and later relocated to its present site in the 1880s.
West Asia
Treaty of Turkmenchay signedOn 10 February 1828, Qajar Iran and the Russian Empire signed the Treaty of Turkmenchay, ending the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828. Iran ceded parts of the South Caucasus, including present-day Armenia and southern Azerbaijan. The Russian representative threatened to occupy Tehran within five days unless the treaty was signed. It was the second unequal treaty after the Treaty of Gulistan, further affirming Russian control over former Iranian territories.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Vladimir Moshkov (1792-1839) / Public domain ↗
Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828From 1826 to 1828, the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran fought their last major military conflict over territorial disputes. Encouraged by Britain and pushed by the war party under Abbas Mirza, Iran sought to reclaim territories lost under the Treaty of Gulistan. Iran was defeated, and the Treaty of Turkmenchay resulted in further territorial losses.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Литография Г. Беггрова по оригиналу В. Машкова / Public domain ↗
Oceania
Musket WarsThe Musket Wars were a series of large-scale armed conflicts among Māori tribes in early 19th-century New Zealand, involving up to 3,000 battles and raids from around 1807 to 1842. Sparked by an intertribal arms race following the acquisition of muskets, the wars sought territorial gain or revenge, causing tens of thousands of casualties and enslavements, profoundly altering tribal boundaries, and influencing later New Zealand Wars.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Merrett, Joseph Jenner, 1816-1854. / Public domain ↗
Cascades Female Factory OpensA workhouse for female convicts in South Hobart, Tasmania, was opened. The facility received and exploited women transported from Britain to Van Diemen's Land, as part of the early Australian penal colony system.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Beattie Studios, Hobart / Public domain ↗
Central & South America
Cisplatine WarFrom 1825 to 1828, armed conflict was fought between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil over control of Cisplatina (modern-day Uruguay), which Brazil had previously annexed. The war resulted in the independence of Uruguay.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: See each file for details / Public domain ↗
North America
Spanish American wars of independenceA series of armed conflicts in the early 19th century across Spanish American colonies, aiming to end Spanish rule and achieve political independence. The conflicts were fought primarily between Royalists, who supported a unitary Spanish monarchy, and Patriots, who sought autonomy or independence. This ultimately led to the separation and independence of most of Spanish America, occurring roughly between 1808 and 1833, and closely linked to the Napoleonic Wars and the Peninsular War in Spain.
Around 1828
These are known only to the century, not to the year. They are listed separately so a rough date is never mistaken for an exact one.
- Outbreak of the Black War
- Emergence of the Enlightenment
- Museum Island construction begins
- Completion of Dom Pedro V Theatre
- Establishment of Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Industrial Heritage
- Construction of Hôtel Solvay begins
- Founding of Kulangsu as an International Settlement
- Construction of the Four Hydraulic Boat Lifts on the Canal du Centre begins