What happened in 1230? — events across the world

West Asia

Launch of the First Crusade
1095–1291Jerusalem
In November 1095, Pope Urban II officially called for Christians to take up arms and reconquer Jerusalem at the Council of Clermont, launching the First Crusade and inaugurating a series of crusades that continued until 1291. The call promised spiritual rewards, and the success led to the establishment of four Crusader states in the Levant.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: anonymus / Public domain ↗
Foundation of Yivli Minare Mosque and its Külliye
1230
The külliye complex, commissioned by Sultan Kayqubad I of the Sultanate of Rum in the old town center of Antalya, was founded. It included a mosque, a madrasa, a dervish lodge, and a tomb. Its minaret, adorned with dark blue tiles, became a prominent landmark of the city.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Bernard Gagnon / CC BY-SA 3.0 ↗
Palmyra Castle
1230World Heritage
A castle near Palmyra in the Homs Governorate of Syria, also known as Fakhr-al-Din al-Ma'ani Castle or Tadmur Castle.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Mewes at German Wikipedia / Public domain ↗

Mongol invasion of Europe (First invasion, 1236–1242)
1223–1242Eastern Europe
Around 1236, the Mongol Empire launched a massive western campaign, historically known as the first invasion of Europe, led by Batu Khan and General Subutai with an army of about 120,000. By 1242, they had destroyed the principalities of Kievan Rus' and Vladimir, and invaded Poland and Hungary, winning the battles of Legnica and Mohi. The conquered territories were integrated into the Golden Horde.
SourcesWikipedia ↗
Founding of Badajoz Cathedral
1230
Badajoz Cathedral was founded around the 13th century in the city of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. Dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, the Roman Catholic church later became the seat of the Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Fernando / CC BY-SA 4.0 ↗

Mongol conquest of China begins
1205–1279Western Xia
In the early 13th century, the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan initiated small-scale raids into Western Xia in 1205 and 1207, marking the beginning of a decades-long conquest of China. The conflict later escalated into full-scale campaigns against various Chinese dynasties.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Sayf al-Vâhidî. Hérât. Afghanistan / Public domain ↗
Outbreak of the Mongol–Jin War
1211–1234North China
In 1211, Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire launched a war against the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The conflict lasted more than twenty years, involving several Mongol commanders, and ended in 1234 with the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty, achieved with the assistance of the Southern Song. This completed the Mongol conquest of northern China.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Sayf al-Vâhidî. Hérât. Afghanistan / Public domain ↗

Mongol invasions and conquests
1206–1337Karakorum, Mongol Empire capital
After the founding of the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century, Genghis Khan and his descendants launched a series of expansion wars across Eurasia, creating the largest contiguous land empire in history within a century and profoundly reshaping the political landscape of Eurasia.
SourcesWikipedia ↗Image: Sayf al-Vâhidî. Hérât. Afghanistan / Public domain ↗

These are known only to the century, not to the year. They are listed separately so a rough date is never mistaken for an exact one.